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Lawrence textile strike - Wikipedia. The Lawrence textile strike was a strike of immigrant workers in Lawrence, Massachusetts in 1.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). Prompted by a two- hour pay cut corresponding to a new law shortening the workweek, the strike spread rapidly through the town, growing to more than twenty thousand workers and involving nearly every mill in Lawrence. In late January, when a bystander was killed during a protest, IWW organizers Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti were arrested on charges of being accessories to the murder.
Together they masterminded its signature move, sending hundreds of the strikers' hungry children to sympathetic families in New York, New Jersey, and Vermont. The move drew widespread sympathy, especially after police stopped a further exodus, leading to violence at the Lawrence train station. Within a year, however, the IWW had largely collapsed in Lawrence. It has also been called the . A 1. 91. 6 labor anthology, The Cry for Justice: An Anthology of the Literature of Social Protest by Upton Sinclair, attributed the phrase to the Lawrence strike, and the association stuck.
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By 1. 90. 0, the mechanization and deskilling of labor in the textile industry enabled factory owners to eliminate skilled workers and employ large numbers of unskilled immigrant workers, the majority of whom were women. Work in a textile mill took place at a grueling pace and the labor was repetitive and dangerous. In addition, a number of children under the age of 1. By 1. 91. 2, the Lawrence mills at maximum capacity employed about 3. The introduction of the two- loom system in the woolen mills led to a dramatic speedup in the pace of work. The increase in production enabled the factory owners to lay off large numbers of workers.
Those who kept their jobs earned, on average, $8. Many families survived on bread, molasses, and beans; as one worker testified before the March 1. Lawrence strike, . The mortality rate for children was 5. The average life expectancy was 3. Several thousand skilled workers belonged, in theory at least, to the American Federation of Labor- affiliated United Textile Workers, but only a few hundred paid dues. The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) had also been organizing for five years among workers in Lawrence, but also had only a few hundred actual members.
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Workers welcomed the two- hour reduction, provided that it did not reduce their weekly take home pay. The first two weeks of 1. Labor tried to learn how the owners of the mills would deal with the new law. The next day, January 1. Washington Mill of the American Woolen Company also found that their wages had been cut. Prepared for the events by weeks of discussion, they walked out, calling .
The strikers responded with mass picketing. When mill owners turned fire hoses on the picketers gathered in front of the mills. The court sentenced 2. Mass arrests followed. The striking operatives ignored the UTW.
The IWW had successfully united the operatives behind ethnic based leaders. These leaders, members of the strike committee, were able to communicate the message of Joseph Ettor to stage only peaceful demonstrations. Ettor did not consider intimidating operatives trying to enter the mills as breaking the peace. The IWW was successful, even with AFL affiliated operatives, because it defended the grievances of all operatives from all the mills. Conversely, the AFL and the mill owners preferred to keep negotiations between each mill and its own operatives. But in a move that frustrated the UTW, Oliver Christian, national secretary of the Loomfixers Association.
Wood quickly shifted public sentiment to favor the strikers. He was fined $5. 00 and released without jail time. It later came to light that William M. Wood, president of the American Woolen Company, had made a large payment to the defendant under unexplained circumstances shortly before the dynamite was found. Ettor and Giovannitti had been 3 mi (4. They and a third defendant. Haywood participated little in the daily affairs of the strike.
Instead, he set out for other New England textile towns in an effort to raise funds for the strikers in Lawrence. This tactic proved very successful. The union established an efficient system of relief committees, soup kitchens, and food distribution stations, while volunteer doctors provided medical care.
The IWW raised funds on a nationwide basis to provide weekly benefits for strikers and dramatized the strikers' needs by arranging for several hundred children to go to supporters' homes in New York City for the duration of the strike. When city authorities tried to prevent another 1.
Philadelphia on February 2. The press, there to photograph the event, reported extensively on the attack. Moreover, when the women and children were taken to the Police Court, most of them refused to pay the fines levied and opted for a jail cell, some with babies in arms. Soon after, both the House and Senate set out to investigate the strike. In the early days of March a special house committee heard testimony from some of the strikers' children, various city, state and union officials. In the end both House and Senate published reports detailing the conditions at Lawrence. American Woolen Company agreed to most of the strikers' demands on March 1.
The strikers had demanded an end to the Premium System, where a portion of their earnings were subject to month- long production and attendance standards. The mill owners only concession on this point was to change the award of the premium from once every four weeks to once every two weeks. The rest of the manufacturers followed by the end of the month; other textile companies throughout New England, anxious to avoid a similar confrontation, followed suit. Haywood threatened a general strike to demand their freedom, with the cry . The IWW raised $6. Boston, Massachusetts arrested all of the members of the Ettor- Giovannitti Defense Committee. Fifteen thousand Lawrence workers went on strike for one day on September 3.
Ettor and Giovannitti be released. Swedish and French workers proposed a boycott of woolen goods from the United States and a refusal to load ships going to the U.
S.; Italian supporters of Giovannitti rallied in front of the U. S. Pitman committed suicide shortly thereafter when subpoenaed to testify.
Quinn, the three defendants were kept in steel cages in the courtroom. Witnesses testified without contradiction that Ettor and Giovannitti were miles away while Caruso, the third defendant, was at home eating supper at the time of the killing. In Joe Ettor's closing statement, he turned and faced the District Attorney. Ateill believe for a moment that.. If an idea can live, it lives because history adjudges it right.
And what has been considered an idea constituting a social crime in one age has in the next age become the religion of humanity. Whatever my social views are, they are what they are. They cannot be tried in this courtroom. The IWW disdained written contracts, holding that such contracts encouraged workers to abandon the daily class struggle. The mill owners proved more persistent, slowly chiseling away at the improvements in wages and working conditions, while firing union activists and installing labor spies to keep an eye on workers. A depression in the industry, followed by another speedup, led to further layoffs.
The Paterson strike ended in defeat. The Boston Daily Globe. Tomorrow morning ends officially the strike of the textile operatives at Lawrence, in nearly all the mills. Workers in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1.
Women, Work, and Protest: A Century of U. S. Women's Labor History.
The Folk Song Magazine. The Belles of New England: The Women of the Textile Mills and the Families Whose Wealth They Wove. Elizabeth Shapleigh, a physician in the city, made a mortality study among mill workers and found that one- third of them, victims of the lint- filled air of the mills, died before reaching the age of 2. History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vol. New York: International Publishers.
The Great Lawrence Textile Strike of 1. New Scholarship on the Bread & Roses Strike(PDF). Report on Strike of Textile Workers in Lawrence, Mass. Government Printing Office. Wertheimer, Barbara M.
We were there: the story of working women in America. Watson, Bruce (2. Bread & Roses: Mills, Migrants, and the Struggle for the American Dream. New York: Penguin Group. Working USA: The Journal of Labor & Society. Immanuel News and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Forrant, Robert (2.
Lawrence and the 1. Bread and Roses Strike. Asks Strikers to Return and Mill Owners to Pay Old Wages. American Passages: A History of the United States. Wood, Boston Manufacturer, and Others Face Jury in Dynamite Case. The Boston Daily Globe.
Thompson & Patrick Murfin, 1. The Boston Daily Globe. All three, after imprisonment of nearly ten months, are now free. The strike at Lawrence, Mass.: Hearings before the Committee on Rules of the House of Representatives on House Resolutions 4. March 2- 7, 1. 91. Government Printing Office. Rebel Voices: An IWW Anthology.
The Boston Daily Globe. An interesting problem growing out of the trial, which remains unsettled, is the charge by Morris Shuman, one of the jurors, that someone tried to bribe him.. American Woolen Company or $2. Ebert, Justus (1. The Trial of a New Society. Digital Public Library of America. Labor and Working- class History, Volume 1.
Sibley, Frank P. State Police Take Them in Custody in Middle of Night and Bail is Refused. John Ramey, Syrian Youth, Bayoneted in Back By Soldier, Dies of His Wounds. The Boston Daily Globe.